Keywords
rectal cancer
organs at risk
treatment planning
How to Cite
Abstract
Rectal cancer is the third most common cancer in men and the second in women worldwide. Depending on the stage of the cancer, radiotherapy is used as the only treatment of rectal cancer or as a pre-operative or post-operative adjuvant therapy. The aim of the study was to review historical and current methods of rectal radiotherapy techniques. The study presents the technique of conventional 2D radiotherapy (two-dimension radiation therapy) and three-dimensional 3D radiotherapy (three-dimensional radiation therapy). Finally, the currently used dynamic radiotherapy techniques are discussed, such as: IMRT (intensity modulated radiation therapy), VMAT (voulemtric modulated arc therapy) and the helical technique (helical therapy). The paper focuses on implementing the given techniques and the description of the influence of a given technique on the dose distribution in the Planning Target Volume PTV and doses in critical organs in rectal cancer radiotherapy.
References
Krajowy rejestr nowotworów. http://onkologia.org.pl, dostęp 02.11.2022r.
Bujko K, Potemski P, Rutkowski A, et al. Rectal cancer (C20). Oncol Clin Pract 2020; 16.
Kordek R. Onkologia. Podręcznik dla studentów i lekarzy. Wyd. trzecie, poprawione, Via Medica: Gdańsk 2007,
Jassem J, Krzakowski M, el at. Nowotwory układu pokarmowego. Praktyczny przewodnik dla lekarzy. Wyd I, Gdańsk 2014
]International Commission on Radiation Units & Measurements. Prescribing, Recording and Reporting Photon Beam Therapy. ICRU report 50. Bethesda: ICRU, 1993.
Bentzen S.M, Constine L.S, Deasy J.O, et al. Quantitative Analyses of Normal Tissue Effects in the Clinic (QUANTEC): An Introduction to the Scientific Issues. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;76:3–9.
Malicki J., Ślosarek K. Planowanie leczenia i dozymetria w radioterapii. Gdańsk: VIA MEDICA, 2016
Gunderson LL, Russell AH, Llewellyn HJ, et al. Treatment planning for colorectal cancer: radiation and surgical techniques and value of small-bowel films. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1985;11:1379-93.
Stevens KR, Fletcher WS, Allen CV, et al. A review of the value of radiation therapy for adenocarcinoma of the rectum and sigmoid. Front Gastrointest Res. 1979;5:93-101.
Rafla S, Turner S, Meleka F, Ghossein N. et al. The role of radiotherapy in the definitive management of rectal carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1976;127(5):841-5.
Carlos A. Perez, Luther W. Brady Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology, Third Edition, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams&Wilkins, 1997.
Bucci, M.K. Bevan, A. and Roach, M., Advances in Radiation Therapy: Conventional to 3D, to IMRT, to 4D, and Beyond. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 2005; 55: 117-134.
Martenson JA, Schild SE, Haddock MG. Cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. In Khan FM, Potish RA, eds: Treatment Planning in Radiation Oncology. Baltimore, Williams&Wilkins. 2007
Deae-eddine K., Rrhioua A., Zerfaoui M., et al. Dosimetric comparison of three-field and four-field 3D conformal radiation therapy ballistics for rectal cancer treatment. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021
International Atomic Energy Agency. Transition from 2-D Radiotherapy to 3-D Conformal and Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy. IAEA-TECDOC-1588. Vienna 2008.
Gambacorta MA, Pasini D, Minsky BD et al. Is two-dimensional field definition sufficient for pelvic node coverage in rectal cancer compared to technical three-dimensional definition? Tumori. 2013;99(2):191-8.
Wright A, Boyer A. Advances in Radiation Therapy Treatment Planning. New York, American Institute of Physics, 1983
Składowski K, Grządziel A, Hutnik M et al. Kliniczne zasady planowania.,. Onkologia w Praktyce Klinicznej 2007, págs. 241-248.
Czito, B. G., & Meyer, J. Radiation Therapy in Anal and Rectal Cancer. Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America 2013, 22(3), 525–543.
Mok H, Crane CH, Palmer MB et. al.Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT): differences in target volumes and improvement in clinically relevant doses to small bowel in rectal carcinoma. Radiation Oncology 2011, 6(1), 63.
De Ridder, M, Tournel, K, Van Nieuwenhove Y et al. Phase II Study of Preoperative Helical Tomotherapy for Rectal Cancer. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics 2008, 70(3), 728–734.
Shang J, Kong W, Wang Y et.al. VMAT planning study in rectal cancer patients. Radiation Oncology 2014, 9(1).
Yu M, Lee J. Jang H et. al. A comparison of dosimetric parameters between tomotherapy and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in rectal cancer. Radiation Oncology 2013, 8(1), 181.
Mina Yu, Hong Seok Jang, Dong Min Jeon et.al .Dosimetric evaluation of Tomotherapy and four-box field conformal radiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer Radiation Oncology Journal 2013; 31(4): 252-259.
Maggiulli E, Fiorino C, Passoni P et.al. Characterisation of rectal motion during neo-adjuvant radiochemotherapy for rectal cancer with image-guided tomotherapy: Implications for adaptive dose escalation strategies. Acta Oncologica 2012 51(3), 318–324.
Engels B, De Ridder, M, Tournel K et.al. Preoperative Helical Tomotherapy and Megavoltage Computed Tomography for Rectal Cancer: Impact on the Irradiated Volume of Small Bowel. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics 2009, 74(5), 1476–1480.
Gleeson I, Rose Ch, Spurrell J. Dosimetric comparison of helical tomotherapy and VMAT for anal cancer: A single institutional experience Medical Dosimetry 44 (2019) e32–e38
Sermeus A, Leonard W, Engels B, et al. Advances in radiotherapy and targeted therapies for rectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Jan 7;20(1):1-5
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2022 Letters in Oncology Science