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Abstrakt
Cartilage is a firm, avascular tissue that cushions joints and supports the skeleton, but because it has no blood supply or nerves, it has very limited ability to repair itself once damaged. Over time, ageing and mechanical stress disturb the balance between matrix formation and breakdown, pushing chondrocytes toward senescence, hypertrophy, and calcification – changes that underlie osteoarthritis, a joint disease driven by chronic inflammation and progressive cartilage loss. Current treatments range from pain relief and surgical procedures to chondrocyte-based implantation techniques, but none fully restores healthy cartilage function, and each has its own drawbacks. Stem cell therapies offer new possibilities but face obstacles such as tumour risk and ethical limitations, while conditioned medium, the secretome collected from cultured stem cells, has emerged as a cell-free alternative that may provide similar regenerative effects with fewer safety concerns. This review covers this progression, from the basic biology of cartilage to the search for effective treatments, and argues that standardising conditioned medium production is an important step toward its clinical use.
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